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# Follow the interesting claim back to its source

These are the sources behind the conversations here. I’ve grouped them by topic, with a note about what each one helps explain. A medicine’s prescribing label covers its approved use and warnings; a trial tells us what happened in the people studied.

Dip into whichever source catches your attention. Follow the link that interests you, and keep the preparation and the result together. A study can be worth reading without settling a personal treatment decision. Placebo means a comparison treatment without the active medicine.

## The GLP-1 conversation

### [Semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/) 

More weight loss with semaglutide than placebo. Both groups received lifestyle support, with treatment assigned by chance.

### [Wegovy (semaglutide) prescribing information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee06186f-2aa3-4990-a760-757579d8f77b) 

Wegovy’s approved uses, thyroid warning and exclusions. Other semaglutide products have their own labels.

### [Tirzepatide in adults with obesity](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/) 

More weight loss with tirzepatide than placebo in adults without diabetes. An individual result remains uncertain.

### [Zepbound (tirzepatide) prescribing information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b) 

Zepbound’s hormone targets, approved uses and warnings. Other tirzepatide products have separate labels.

## Recovery and skin claims

### [BPC-157 and muscle and joint healing](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/) 

Very little human evidence alongside much more work in cells and animals. Recovery claims remain uncertain.

### [FDA’s review of BPC-157 evidence](https://www.fda.gov/media/193343/download) 

FDA staff prepared this for a July 2026 compounding advisory review and argued against listing BPC-157 among 503A compounding ingredients.

### [Topical GHK and skin evidence](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39963574/) 

A shortage of clinical studies for topical GHK. This cannot establish the safety of injections.

### [FDA’s compounding safety concerns](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks) 

Withdrawn compounding ingredient requests, including BPC-157 and injectable GHK-Cu. FDA’s safety concerns remain listed.

## NAD+ and sexual-health claims

### [Human research on NAD+ precursors and aging](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/) 

Limited evidence of benefits from NAD+ precursors in people. The human longevity question remains open.

### [Oral nicotinamide riboside and blood NAD+](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/) 

Oral NR raised blood NAD+. A blood measurement cannot establish longer life or benefits from infusions.

### [A small study of NAD+ infusions](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41704678/) 

A pilot looking back at tolerability records for intravenous NAD+ and NR, rather than testing an anti-aging benefit.

### [Bremelanotide prescribing information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9) 

Bremelanotide’s approved use, heart and blood-pressure exclusions, and side effects. Research-use PT-141 preparations fall outside this approval.

### [Bremelanotide in two clinical trials](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/) 

Improvements in desire and related distress compared with placebo. The results concern the particular women studied.

## The route to a real assessment

### [FDA’s explanation of compounding](https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/compounding-and-fda-questions-and-answers) 

How compounding can meet particular needs, and why compounded medicines are not FDA-approved.

### [HHS on licenses for telehealth](https://telehealth.hhs.gov/licensure/getting-started-licensure) 

Licenses and legal permission for remote care. The clinician’s authorization needs to cover the patient’s location.

### [Directory of state medical boards](https://www.fsmb.org/contact-a-state-medical-board/) 

A way to find a physician’s public license record. License status cannot promise good care.

## Read the limit beside the finding

When you pass a finding along, keep the important details with it: who was studied, what they used and what changed. A result from a skin cream cannot answer a question about an injection. A better retelling can be shorter and still leave room for what we don’t know.

[ Questions for an appointment](/care-questions) [ See the sources](/references) 

I keep this a guide for the questions that linger; it is not a clinic, pharmacy or seller.

[BPC-157 and GHK-Cu](/bpc-157-and-ghk-cu) [NAD+ and PT-141](/nad-and-pt-141) [References](/references) [About](/about) [Contact](/contact) 

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